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Ovide -
Les Métamorphoses - livre XV vers 60
Numa se fait disciple de Pythagore, qui expose sa doctrine philosophique,
en particulier sa croyance à la métempsycose
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O4 |
© |
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> |
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Là
(Crotone), vécut un homme (Pythagore), Samien de naissance, qui avait fui
Samos et ses maîtres. Il enseignait les origines du vaste univers, les causes
des choses, ce qu'est la nature, ce qu'est la divinité, . . . et tout ce qui
nous est caché. |
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Le
premier enseignement était qu'il fit un crime à l'homme de servir sur ses
tables, la chair des animaux. Pour lui la Terre regorge de mets divers,
graines, céréales, plantes, fruits, lait, miel, etc qui permet à l'homme de
se nourrir sans avoir à verser le sang des animaux, sans manger le plat des
dieux (au sens des animaux sacrifiés sur les autels). |
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Le
second enseignement était que si le corps mourrait et disparaissait, les âmes
sont soustraites à la mort et retrouvent une autre demeure. Lui-même, était
autrefois le troyen Euphorbe, fils de Panthous et il avait reconnu son
bouclier présent sur l'autel d'Argos (Euphorbe avait été tué par Ménélas et
ses armes déposées à Argos). |
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Il
explique ensuite que le temps est comme le fleuve, il coule inlassablement,
semblable mais différent. Les saisons de l'année sont comparables aux âges de
l'homme de la jeunesse au printemps jusqu'à la vieillesse de l'hiver. Les
années mine et détruisent les forces de l'âge précédent. Ainsi Milon (Milon
de Crotone était un athlète) voit avec la vieillesse, la masse de ses muscles
pendre, falsques et mous. Ainsi pleure aussi, en se regardant au miroir,
vieille et ridée, la fille de Tyndare (Hélène), et elle se demande pourquoi
elle fut deux fois enlevée (la première par Thésée et la seconde par Paris). |
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Il
expose que le monde éternel comprend quatre corps. Deux sont lourds et
entrainés vers le bas; la terre et l'eau, deux s'élèvent; l'air et le feu.
Mais ce qu'il fait remarquer c'est que ces corps sont à l'origine de tout et
tout retourne en eux. La terre devenue soluble se résout en eau liquide,
l'eau vaporisée se change en vents et en air, l'air perd de son poids et
s'élance vers l'éther enflammé. De même en prenant de la consistance, le feu
se condense en air, puis devient de l'eau qui, resserrée, reforme la terre
solide. La naissance est le commencement de quelque chose d'autre que l'état
antérieur et la mort la fin de ce même état. Pythagore cite alors toutes les
transformations connues; comme cette montagne qui porte une ancre et qui
était mer autrefois, comme ces fleuves qui ont changé le cours de leurs eaux,
comme Antissa, Pharos et Tyr, autrefois entourée par les eaux et qui ne sont
plus des îles. Certaines eaux peuvent transformer non seulement les corps
mais aussi les âmes et il cite Salmacis (Salmacis était une nymphe des eaux
qui s'unit à Hermaphrodite au point de ne plus faire qu'un). |
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De tous
les animaux transformés, il cite également le Phénix, oiseau qui renait de
ses cendres. Les villes se transforment aussi et que reste-t-il de Thèbes la
ville d'Œdipe ? tandis que la petite bourgade de Rome deviendra un jour la
capitale de l'immense univers. |
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"Ainsi
respectons nos coursiers, car nos âmes ailées peuvent se loger dans le corps
de bêtes sauvages comme dans celui d'animaux domestiques. Ne versons pas le
sang des animaux qui peuvent abriter les âmes de nos parents." |
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