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Guerre
de Troie - Résumé - Sources |
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O9 |
© |
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Cette
fresque épique nous est connue par une somme d'auteurs, de fragments et de
mémoires rehabilitées par les auteurs successifs. C'est donc un travail de
reconstitution qu'il faut mener, sachant que des dizaines de contradictions
existent et qu'il faut choisir un fil cohérent pour retrouver une épopée
complète, sans omettre quelques variantes riches de conséquences. |
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Ces
textes formant le cycle troyen, ont pratiquement disparu, sauf l'Iliade et
l'Odyssée d'Homère, il ne reste que des fragments. Les auteurs restent aussi
incertains. |
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Titre |
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Auteurs |
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Date |
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Récit |
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Les Chants
cypriens |
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Stasinos |
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- VIe siècle |
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Origine
de la guerre (noces de Pélée et Thétis, jugement de Pâris) et ses neuf
premières années. |
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L'Iliade |
Homère |
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- VIIIe siècle |
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Depuis
le retrait d'Achille jusqu'aux funérailles d'Hector |
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L'Éthiopide |
Arctinos de Milet |
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- VIIe siècle |
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Combat contre Memnon et mort
d'Achille. |
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La Petite Iliade |
Leschès de Pyrrha |
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- VIIe siècle |
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Du
partage des armes d'Achille jusqu'à l'introduction du cheval de Troie dans la
ville. |
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Le Sac de Troie |
Arctinos de Milet |
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- VIIe siècle |
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La prise de Troie, jusqu'à l'égorgement de
Polyxène. |
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Les Retours (Nostoï) |
Hégésias, Agias de
Trézène,... |
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- VIIe-VIe siècle |
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Le retour des héros grecs dans leur foyer. |
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L'Odyssée |
Homère |
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- VIIIe siècle |
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La
quête de Télémaque, le récit du retour d'Ulysse et le massacre des
prétendants de Pénélope |
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La Télégonie |
Eugammon de Cyrène |
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- VIe siècle |
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Sorte
de suite de l'Odyssée : dernières aventures d'Ulysse jusqu'à sa mort |
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Les
auteurs restent très proches des textes anciens, dont ils disposent souvent
de copies. Grace à eux, nous pouvons connaître maints détails qui auraient
disparus. |
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Titre |
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Auteurs |
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Date |
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Récit |
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Théatre |
Eschyle |
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-982 |
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dont l'Orestie |
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Théatre |
Sophocle |
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-901 |
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dont Ajax,
Philoctète, Electre |
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Théatre |
Euripide |
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-886 |
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dont
Andromaque, Hécube, les Troyennes, Iphigénie à Aulis et Iphigénie en Tauride,
Electre, Hélène, Oreste, et des fragments. |
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Bibliothèque |
Pseudo-Apollodore |
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- IIe siècle |
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Mythologie grecque |
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Epitomé III à
VII |
d'après
Pseudo-Apollodore |
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abrégé des manques écrit par J Frazer en 1913 |
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Enéide |
Virgile |
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-89 |
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Le
voyage d'Enée de Troie en flamme jusqu'à l'arrivée au bord du Tibre. |
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Les
auteurs de l'ère chrétienne ont perdu les sources originales, ils se réfèrent
aux textes classiques, mais surtout ils montrent d'autres aspects et d'autres
points de vue. |
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Titre |
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Auteurs |
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Date |
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Récit |
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L'Iliade latine |
Baebius Italicus |
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Ie siècle |
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Guerre de Troie |
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Ephéméride de
G. de Troie |
Dictys de Crète |
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Ie siècle |
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Auteur supposé mais en fait postérieur. |
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Ephéméride de
Dictys |
Q Septimius |
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IIIe siècle |
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Véritable auteur des Ephémérides de Dictys |
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Chrestomathie |
Proclos |
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412 - 485 |
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Littéralement
Savoir "mathein" Utile "Khrestos |
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Suite de
l'Iliade |
Quintus de Smyrne |
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IVe siècle |
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Poursuit
l'Iliade de la mort d'Hector jusqu'aux retours des chefs Grecs. |
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La prise de
Troie |
Tryphiodore |
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IVe siècle |
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Texte décrivant la chute de Troie |
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Histoire de la destruction de Troie |
Darès le Phrygien |
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Ve -
VI° siècle |
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Texte décrivant la chute de Troie |
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Et bien
d'autres textes dont; Le roman de Troie de B de Ste Maure, l'Iliade de J
d'Exeter, Troïlus de A de Stade, Télémaque de Fénelon et la Guerre de Troie
n'aura pas lieu de Jean Giraudoux en 1935. |
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Notes: |
L'épopée
nous est connue uniquement par des poèmes épiques qui n'ont pas été composés
à la même époque que la guerre de Troie mais beaucoup plus tard vers le VII°
siècle av JC, pour célébrer les exploits des héros du passé et aider à former
la conscience collective des auditeurs aux vertus de courage et d'entreprise.
Ce sont, chez les Grecs, l'Iliade (la guerre elle-même) et l'Odyssée (le
retour d'Ulysse, Odysseus en grec), dues à un poète nommé Homère et, chez les
Latins, une partie de l'Enéide (livre II) due à Virgile, et qui raconte la
chute de Troie. D'autres auteurs, dont les textes sont pour la plupart
disparus ont également vanté le courage des héros. |
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La fin
de la guerre ne nous est indiquée que par des poèmes postérieurs à l'Iliade
(laquelle a été composée sans doute au VIIIème siècle), comme l'Ethiopide
(VIIème siècle) : Pâris, aidé par Apollon, tuera Achille d'une flèche au
talon. La chute de la ville nous est relatée par Virgile dans l'Enéide, récit
des courses errantes du troyen, Enée, après la chute de Troie, jusqu'au pays
que les oracles lui ont assigné : l'Italie. Après un naufrage, Enée est
arrivé en Afrique à Carthage, au pays de la reine Didon ; celle-ci
l'accueille et le prie de lui raconter les malheurs de Troie. La ville a été
prise par la ruse : inspirés par Pallas Athéna, les Grecs ont fait construire
un énorme cheval de bois qu'ils laissent sur le rivage, cependant qu'ils
feindront de regagner leur pays. (Virgile, Enéide {10}) En fait les vaisseaux
grecs se dissimulent derrière une île proche de Troie (Ténédos) ; dans le
cheval se sont dissimulés plusieurs chefs grecs, dont Ulysse. |
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Quant
aux retours des chefs Grecs, ils nous sont connus par différents textes
tardifs sauf le long retour codé d'Ulysse (en grec Odysseus) raconté dans
l'Odyssée d'Homère. |
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