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Les
Heures - Saisons - Horai |
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Mi |
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20 |
© |
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Or le
temps olympien ne suffisait pas à décompter l'année et le Temps si important
des plantations, des semailles, des moissons et même Démeter, la Sœur de Zeus
a du plaider la cause des cultivateurs qu'elle protégeait.
Les mêmes noms des Heures olympiennes ont alors prit la signification des
Saisons de l'année, au nombre de Trois toujours à savoir; Dicé la Justice
protégeait le Printemps, Irène la Paix gardait l'Eté, et Eunomie la Loi
rigoureuse contrôlait l'Hiver. |
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Au même
moment se situe le dramatique épisode de l'enlèvement de Perséphone, la fille
de Déméter et de Zeus, par Hadès, frère de Zeus qui avait reçu l'autorisation
de son frère. |
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Déméter
n'était ni prévenue, ni consentante. Elle charchait sa fille partout et se
réfugia à la cour de Céléos à Eleusis, transformée en vieille femme. Puis
Hélios lui révêlant l'enlèvement de sa fille et ne trouvant aucun secours
chez son frère Zeus, elle résolu de ne plus soigner la Terre, laquelle ne
produisit plus rien, affamant les Hommes qui n'offraient plus le moindre
sacrifice ou offrande aux Dieux.
Les Dieux s'alarmaient et Zeus trancha en faveur d'une répartition. Au
printemps, Perséphone viendrait rejoindre et aider sa mère, en Eté, elle
disposerait de son temps, mais accompagnait sa mère aux moissons et en Hiver,
elle rejoindrait son époux. De ce fait, la saisonnalité de l'année était crée
et marquée par la présence ou non de Perséphone auprés de sa mère. |
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Heures ;
Printemps, Eté, Automne et Hiver - Walter Crane |
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Mais
avec la pression croissante de Dionysos, on en vint à surveiller les bons
moments des vendanges et de la fructification en général, tout en notant avec
précisions le risque des premières gelées et donc le solstice d'hiver. C'est
pourquoi on mentionna deux nouvelles Heures - Saisons filles de Thémis et
ensemble protégeant l'Automne; Carpo la Fructification et Thallo les Branches des Arbres (qui
portent bourgeons, fleurs et fruits) marquera le solstice d'Hiver lorsque la
nature retrouve progressivement la Lumière du Soleil. |
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C'est
d'ailleurs au solstice de l'hiver qu'on organise une grande fête des saisons;
les Horées où l'on fête Thallo ou nommée parfois Hora. Quatre Saisons et cinq
Heures organisent alors le rythme des champs.
Les Grecs régulent alors les Saisons qui deviennent quatre et se nomment
collectivement toujours les Horai, mais elles changent de nom et de
généalogie puisque désormais, elles seraient filles de Hélios - le Soleil -
et pour Quintus de Smyrne leur mère serait Séléné -la Lune -. |
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Elles
se nomment alors; Eiar - Le Printemps - et la plus jeune, Théros - l'Eté - à
l'apogée de sa croissance, Phthinoporon - l'Automne - plus mure, et Cheimon -
l'Hiver - une vieille femme ridée. |
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Heures
accompagnant l'Aurore - John Flaxman |
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On
trouve les Heures en fréquente compagnie des Grâces, d'Hébé - la Jeunesse -,
d'Harmonie, d'Aphrodite, avec lesquelles, elles dansent accompagnées du chant
des Muses ou des Camènes. Elles envoient aussi la rosée et la pluie. Elles
régulent le temps de chaque tâche et d'une mamière générale règle la Destinée
humaine. |
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Ce sont
souvent de belles jeunes femmes parfumées de fleurs, lumineuses et éclairant
la Vie. Elles cotoient aussi Apollon - le Soleil -, Dionysos avec qui elles
protègent les pampres et les rameaux, Aurore et également Déméter et
Perséphone qu'elles accompagnent dans les champs, |
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On
trouve aussi d'autres noms comme; Auxo la Croissance, Hégémone, l'Autorité,
Pherusa - la Fertilité -, Euporie - l'Abondance -, Orthosie - la Prospérité
-, Damie - la culture et le Soin de la Terre -, et Titanis - qui rappelle la
filiation à la Titanide Thémis -. |
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A Rome,
Hersilie épouse de Romulus était nommée Hora, Cérès et Proserpine sont
Déméter et Perséphone, l'année agricole était déifiée sous le nom d'Anna
Perenna, Vervactor conduisat (littéralement) le Printemps. Les Saisons
étaient empruntées aux noms grecs sans divinité romaine propre, puis elles
seront nommées par leurs qualifications; "primus tempus" premier
temps deviendra Printemps, "Aestatem" proche du grec Aithein -
faire brûler - a donné estival et Eté, "automnus" dont l'origine est augeo ou auxo qui
enrichi et augmente deviendra Automne, "hiberna tempis" temps
d'hiver deviendra Hiver. |
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Dionysos (barbu)
conduisant les Heures - Louvre |
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Heures - Saisons
- Alphonse Mucha |
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Apollon et les Heures - Versailles |
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