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Guerre
de Troie - Résumé |
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14 |
© |
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Le
présent résumé de la Guerre de Troie commence avec les prémices de la Guerre,
c'est-à-dire la naissance d'Hélène, celle d'Achille et de Pâris, des autres
héros protagonistes, des destinées divines et des prédictions des oracles. |
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modifié |
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22/08/2014 |
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Il se
finit après la Prise de Troie et le retour des chefs Grecs, y compris la
destinée particulière de Néoptolème, d'Oreste, d'Andromaque et d'Hélénos,
d'Ulysse, de Pénélope et de Télémaque, le retour d'Hélène et de Ménélas, la
mission d'Enée, fils d'Aphrodite et aieul des Romains. |
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Ceci
dépasse totalement l'Iliade d'Homère qui ne raconte qu'un épisode
d'Achille,et quelques jours de la dixième année du siège de Troie,sans même
englober la mort d'Achille et encore moins la chute de Troie. |
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Zeus séduit Léda
reine de Sparte, descendance. |
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L'enfance
d'Hélène, Thésée, Aethra la délivrance par les Dioscures, l'enlèvement
d'Aethra. |
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Le
mariage d'Hélène et de Ménélas - rôle d'Ulysse, la promesse des prétendants,
- le mariage d'Ulysse et de Pénélope. |
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Zeus renonce à
Thétis et la marie à Pélée. |
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Mariage devant
les Dieux et les Hommes, venue de la Discorde. |
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La pomme de
Discorde, Athéna, Héra et Aphrodite se disputent. |
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Zeus charge
Hermès de les départager. |
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Thétis met au
monde Achille. |
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Elle le rend
invulnérable dans les eaux du Styx, sauf au talon. |
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L'éducation
d'Achille. |
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Hermès
rencontre Pâris sur le mont Ida et le charge de départager les trois Déesses |
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Serait-ce pour obtenir réparation, selon l'avis
de Darès de Phrygie ? |
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Chacune
des déesses essayent de séduire Alexandre, par leurs cadeaux et leurs
promesses. |
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Athéna
promet la conquête de la Grèce, Héra celle de l'Asie et de l'Europe,
Aphrodite offre la plus belle femme du monde; Hélène. |
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Hélène parle : |
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Alexandre
(Pâris) est juge devant le groupe des trois déesses. Pallas lui offrait
d'aller conquérir la Grèce ; . . . Héra promit à Pâris le royaume d'Asie
et les confins de l'Europe s'il jugeait en sa faveur ; Cypris
(Aphrodite), en vantant les merveilles de mon corps, promit de me donner à
lui. |
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EURIPIDE, les Troyennes, v. 924 sqq. |
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Priam envoie à
Sparte ses fils Hector et Pâris rencontrer Ménélas. |
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Aphrodite lui
désigne Hélène, la reine, lors de ce voyage. |
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Hélène,
fille de Tyndare roi de Sparte (en fait de Zeus) est désirée par tous les
chefs grecs. Ulysse qui sait qu'il ne peut la revendiquer conseille à Tyndare
de laisser Hélène choisir mais d'imposer à tous les prétendants d'aider le
mari choisi. En remerciement, Tyndare l'aide à épouser Pénélope, sa nièce. |
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Hélène a choisi
Ménélas qui devient roi de Sparte. |
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Son
frère Agamemnon épouse Clytemnestre, sœur d'Hélène et devient roi de Mycènes,
puis roi des rois grecs. |
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Hector
et Pâris arrive à Sparte. Que négocient-t-ils ? Un pacte commercial, les
droits de passage dans le Bosphore, une alliance contre d'autres grecs, la
réparation des dommages de la première guerre de Troie causés par Héraclès ? |
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Ménélas
se rend en Crète aux funérailles de Catrée son grand-père. |
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Pâris
profite de l'absence du roi et enlève Hélène. S'agit-il d'une future monnaie
d'échange ? Hélène était-elle consentante ? De nombreux auteurs l'affirment.
La Déesse de l'amour aurait frappé les deux amants pour remercier Pâris. |
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Mais
d'autres légendes ont fleuri. Les amants fuient et ne retournent pas à Troie.
Hélène n'aurait jamais quitter Sparte, seule une ombre d'elle-même aurait
illusionné Pâris et l'aurait accompagné pour accomplir la promesse
d'Aphrodite. |
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Agamemnon parle : |
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Il
arriva de Phrygie à Lacédémone celui qui avait été, dit-on, pris pour juge
entre les trois déesses; il vint, paré d'habits magnifiques, tout brillant
d'or et entouré d'un luxe barbare. Il aima Hélène, s'en fit aimer puis,
profitant d'un voyage de Ménélas, il l'enleva et la conduisit vers les riches
prairies de l'Ida. |
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EURIPIDE,
Iphigénie à Aulis, v. 71-77 |
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Le
troyen Anténor et son épouse Théano les reçut et appuya leur demande auprès
de Priam. Toutefois la négociation échoua, par la volonté de Priam ou de
Pâris ou du fait du choix d'Hélène. |
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Ulysse
tente de se dérober, simule la folie, sème du sel avec sa charrue, Palamède
le démasque en plaçant son tout jeune fils Télémaque devant le soc, mais
Ulysse se détourne. Il en voudra à Palamède et il le fera condamner à Troie
pour trahison. |
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Achille
a été caché par sa mère Thétis à Scyros chez Lycomède qui l'a placé au sein
du gynécée déguisé en fille et nommée Pyrrha, à cause de la couleur feu de
ses cheveux. |
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Achille
séduit Deidamie, l'ainé des filles du roi qui lui donnera Néoptolème
(Phyrrhus) |
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Ulysse
le démasque en cachant des armes parmi des cadeaux féminins et en sonnant la
trompette de guerre. |
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La Première prédiction |
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Le premier rassemblement |
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Le premier départ de la flotte |
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L'arrivée en Mysie |
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La bataille contre les Mysiens et celle
d'Achille contre Télèphe - la blessure de Télèphe |
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La reconnaissance de la généalogie de Télèphe,
le pacte avec les Grecs |
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Le Retour à Aulis |
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Le Second rassemblement à Aulis |
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Le vent
manque, les chefs craignent pour leurs hommes, tous doutent de l'appui des
Dieux. |
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Calchas informe
Agamemnon de devoir sacrifier sa propre fille. |
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Agamemnon parle : |
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Les
Grecs prennent leurs lances et leurs cuirasses et se rendent à Aulis, sur les
bords de ce détroit, avec un formidable appareil de vaisseaux, de boucliers,
de chevaux et de chars. Par égard pour Ménélas, ils me choisissent, moi son
frère, pour commander l'armée. |
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Nous
sommes tous réunis à Aulis sans pouvoir mettre à la voile. Dans notre
embarras, le devin Calchas nous annonce que nous devions immoler Iphigénie,
ma fille, à Artémis, protectrice de cette contrée ; qu'après ce sacrifice il
nous serait donné de partir et de détruire les Phrygiens. |
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EURIPIDE,
Iphigénie à Aulis, v. 81-88 |
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Pour
patienter Calchas explique une vision, un nid d'oiseau pillé par un dragon
qui dévore la mère et les oisillons. Ce signe voulait signifier la volonté
des dieux de rendre vainqueur les grecs sur les troyens. |
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Agamemnon ordonne
de faire venir sa fille Iphigénie. |
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Ulysse
prétexte de rentrer chez lui, mais en fait il se présente en émissaire à
Mycènes avec une fausse lettre de mission pour ramener Iphigénie. Comme il
faut donner un motif à Clytemnestre sa mère, il lui indique qu'il s'agira
d'un mariage avec Achille, le plus valeureux héros de la Grèce que devrait
officier Agamemnon avant son départ pour Troie. Clytemnestre apprécie
Achille, se réjouit de cette décision et laisse Iphigénie partir avec Ulysse. |
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Agamemnon parle : |
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Tu te souviens du
jour qu'en Aulide assemblés |
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Nos vaisseaux par
les vents semblaient être appelés. |
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Nous partions; et
déjà par mille cris de joie |
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Nous menacions de
loin les rivages de Troie. |
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Un prodige
étonnant fit taire ce transport ; |
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Tu te souviens du
jour qu'en Aulide assemblés |
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Le vent qui nous
flattait nous laissa dans le port. |
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Il fallut
s'arrêter, et la rame inutile |
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Fatigua vainement
une mer immobile. |
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Ce miracle inouï
me fit tourner les yeux |
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Vers la divinité
qu'on adore en ces lieux. |
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Suivi de Ménélas,
de Nestor et d'Ulysse, |
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J'offris sur ses
autels un secret sacrifice. |
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Quelle fut sa
réponse ! Et quel devins-je, Arcas, |
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Quand j'entendis
ces mots prononcés par Chalcas ! |
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" Vous armez
contre Troie une puissance vaine, |
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Si dans un
sacrifice auguste et solennel |
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Une fille du sang
d'Hélène |
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De Diane en ces
lieux n'ensanglante l'autel. |
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Pour obtenir les
vents que le ciel vous dénie, |
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Sacrifiez
Iphigénie. " |
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RACINE,
Iphigénie, I, 1 |
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Le
sacrifice est réalisé mais dans certaines versions dont celle d'Euripide,
Artémis substitue un cerf à Iphigénie au moment fatal et transporte sa fidèle
en Tauride où elle devient grande prétresse d'Artémis |
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Les
vents se révèlent alors favorables et c'est une flotte de 1.140 vaisseaux,
chacun armés de cent vingt ou cinquante guerriers qui traverse la mer Egée.
(près de 100.000 hommes) |
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La blessure de
Philoctète et son abandon dans l'île de Lemnos. |
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Mort du
premier guerrier qui met pied à terre, Protésilas tué par Hector selon
l'oracle |
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Commence alors
dix années de siège et de combats |
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Les Amazones, les
Lydiens, les Egyptiens, |
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Ajax et Achille
jouant aux échecs. |
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Les Combats latéraux |
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les
combats latéraux nécessaires pour alimenter la troupe grecque et pour fermer
le blocus autour de Troie et affaiblir les alliés de Troie. |
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Début de l'Iliade d'Homère |
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c'est
lors d'un pillage dans l'île de Chrysè que les grecs ont fait prisonnières
différentes jeunes femmes dont Chryséis qui est attribuée à Agamemnon et
Briséis qui est dévolue à Achille. |
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Or
Chrysès grand prêtre d'Apollon vient réclamer sa fille et offre même une
rançon, Agamemnon refuse. |
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Alors
Chrysès demande à Apollon une punition pour les grecs et le dieu envoie la
peste dans le camp. Agamemnon relache alors Chryséis et pour se venger
s'octroie et fait enlever Brisèis à Achille. |
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La
dispute entre Achille et Agamemnon, l'épisode de Chrysès et Chryséis, celui
de Briséis enlevée à Achille, la colère d'Achille, |
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Chante,
déesse, la colère d'Achille, le fils de Pélée, détestable colère qui aux
Achéens valut des souffrances sans nombre et jeta en pâture à Hadès tant
d'âmes fières de héros tandis que de ces héros mêmes elle faisait la proie
des chiens et de tous les oiseaux du ciel. |
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HOMERE, Iliade,
I, v.1-5 |
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Achille parle : |
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"
Sac à vin ! oeil de chien et coeur de cerf ! Jamais tu n'as eu le courage de
t'armer pour la guerre . . . Il est
plus avantageux, sans s'éloigner du camp des Achéens, d'arracher les présents
qu'il a reçus à quiconque te parle en face. |
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. . .
Eh bien ! je te le déclare et j'en jure un grand serment . . . Un jour
viendra où tous les fils des Achéens sentiront en eux le regret d'Achille . .
. ; par centaines ils tomberont, mourants, sous les coups d'Hector meurtrier.
Alors, au fond de toi tu te déchireras le coeur dans ton dépit d'avoir refusé
tout égard au plus brave des Achéens. " |
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HOMERE, Iliade,
I, v.225-243 etc |
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- Hélène et
Pâris, Hector et Andromaque |
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Pâris parle : |
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"
Fais asseoir tous les autres, Troyens ou Achéens ; après quoi, entre les
lignes, mettez-nous tous les deux aux prises, Ménélas chéri d'Arès et moi.
Hélène et tous les trésors seront l'enjeu de ce combat. |
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Celui
qui l'emportera et se montrera le plus fort prendra, comme il est juste, pour
l'emmener chez lui, la femme et tous les trésors. Et vous, ayant conclu un
pacte loyal de bonne amitié, vous demeurerez dans votre Troade fertile ; et
eux qu'ils reprennent la route de leur Argos nourricière de cavales, de
l'Achaïe aux belles femmes. " |
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HOMERE, Iliade, III, v.68-75 |
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la
Teichoscopie : Hélène dans sa chambre, sa venue sur les remparts, Hélène,
Priam et les vieillards troyens, |
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Hélène sur les
murs de Troie assiste au combat |
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Iris vient
chercher Hélène. |
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"
Viens, ma chère, viens voir [...] La bataille a pris fin ; ils (= les
combattants) s'appuient à leurs boucliers ; leurs longues javelines, près
d'eux, sont fichées en terre. Alexandre (= Pâris) et Ménélas cher à Arès vont
ensemble, pour t'avoir, combattre de leurs longues piques et l'on t'appellera
la femme de celui qui aura vaincu. " |
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Ainsi
dit la déesse et elle met au coeur d'Hélène le doux désir de son premier
époux, de sa ville, de ses parents. Vite, elle se couvre d'un long voile
blanc et elle sort de sa chambre en versant de tendres larmes. |
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HOMERE, Iliade, III, v. 130-141 |
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Mais
dans ce combat, Ménélas est le plus fort et il blesse Paris. Au moment où
Ménélas s'apprête à frapper Pâris à mort, celui-ci s'enfuit, caché par un
nuage qu'Aphrodite vient juste à propos de placer entre les combattants. Il
rentre dans Troie et se fait soigner. |
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- la rencontre
entre Glaucos et Diomède, chant VI |
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Hector
décide d'attaquer le camp des grecs et de bruler les vaisseaux |
- l'ambassade
chez Achille, Iliade IX. Les récits de Phénix : la Méléagride et le sanglier
de Calydon |
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- Ulysse et
Diomède en expédition nocturne : la Dolonie, chant X |
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Les troyens sont
victorieux et sans Achille, ils progressent. |
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C'est
alors que Patrocle prend l'armure et les armes d'Achille et se rend dans la
mélée à la tête des Myrmidons. Les troyens reculent devant cet appoint
redoutable et nouveau, car ils croient voir Achille lui-même. |
- la Patroclie :
Achille et l'équipement de Patrocle |
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- les exploits de
Patrocle : la mort de Sarpédon |
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Le combat
d'Hector et Patrocle, la mort de Patrocle |
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Hector
aperçoit Patrocle . . .; il s'approche à travers les rangs ; avec sa pique il
le frappe au bas-ventre et pousse le bronze à fond. Patrocle tombe avec
fracas pour le grand deuil de l'armée achéenne. On voit parfois un lion venir
à bout en combattant d'un sanglier infatigable. Tous deux, pleins de superbe,
à la cime d'un mont sont là à batailler pour une mince source où chacun
prétend boire et le lion finit par dompter sous sa force le sanglier
haletant. Ainsi le vaillant fils de Menoetios, après tant de guerriers par
lui abattus, se voit à son tour enlever la vie par un coup à bout portant
d'Hector, fils de Priam. |
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HOMERE, Iliade, XVI, v. 818-828 |
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Les jeux funèbres
en l'honneur de Patrocle, chant XXIV |
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Achille apprend
la triste nouvelle de la mort de son cousin et ami. |
- la fabrication
des armes d'Achille, Thétis dans l'atelier d'Héphaïstos, chant XVIII |
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- Achille au
combat |
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Il
défie Hector en combat singulier, le tue, puis traîne sa dépouille autour de
la ville et la rapporte au camp des Grecs. |
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- le combat
cosmique de l'eau et du feu |
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